https://revistaschilenas.uchile.cl/handle/2250/154107 \([0-9]{4}\) Fri, 08 May 2026 13:13:30 GMT 2026-05-08T13:13:30Z https://revistaschilenas.uchile.cl:443/bitstream/id/0208c368-2e44-43a1-a250-49b4fa45ceb9/ https://revistaschilenas.uchile.cl/handle/2250/154107 https://revistaschilenas.uchile.cl/handle/2250/252975 From Anatomy to Algorithm: Scope of AI-Assisted Diagnostic Competencies in Health Sciences Education; De la Anatomía al Algoritmo: Alcance de las Competencias Diagnósticas Asistidas por Inteligencia Artificial en la Educación en Ciencias de la Salud The article explores the evolution of medical knowledge from its anatomical and functional foundations to the integration of advanced technological tools, focusing on the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the development of diagnostic competencies. Initially, medical training relied on direct observation and clinical judgment based on anatomical and surgical knowledge. Subsequently, the inclusion of physiology and pathology enabled a functional understanding of the human body, transforming diagnosis into a systematic skill supported by objective data such as laboratory tests and medical imaging. The integration of AI in recent decades has revolutionized this process, offering unprecedented capabilities to analyze complex clinical data. Tools such as machine learning algorithms and predictive systems have enhanced diagnostic precision, allowing for the identification of previously unnoticed patterns. This data-driven approach strengthens physicians’ ability to correlate clinical symptoms and signs with specific pathological entities. However, the incorporation of AI presents challenges in medical education. Future physicians must combine learning traditional clinical foundations with mastering advanced technologies, all while maintaining an ethical and patient-centered approach. Furthermore, excessive reliance on technology and biases inherent in algorithms underscore the need to balance technological innovation with human clinical judgment. The article highlights that medical education must adapt to include critical competencies such as digital literacy, ethical reasoning, and critical thinking. AI-based simulators and educational platforms are playing a key role in preparing physicians for a more digitized clinical environment, while research remains essential to ensure transparency and fairness in these technologies.; El artículo explora la evolución del conocimiento médico desde sus bases anatómicas y funcionales hasta la integración de herramientas tecnológicas avanzadas, con un enfoque en el impacto de la inteligencia artificial (IA) en el desarrollo de competencias diagnósticas. En sus inicios, la formación médica dependía de la observación directa y el juicio clínico basado en el conocimiento anatómico y quirúrgico. Posteriormente, la inclusión de fisiología y patologías permitió una comprensión funcional del cuerpo humano, transformando el diagnóstico en una habilidad sistemática apoyada por datos objetivos como pruebas de laboratorio e imágenes médicas. La incorporación de la IA en las últimas décadas ha revolucionado este proceso, proporcionando capacidades sin precedentes para analizar datos clínicos complejos. Herramientas como algoritmos de aprendizaje automático y sistemas predictivos han elevado la precisión del diagnóstico, permitiendo identificar patrones que antes pasaban desapercibidos. Este enfoque basado en datos refuerza la capacidad del médico para correlacionar síntomas y signos clínicos con entidades patológicas específicas. Sin embargo, la integración de la IA plantea desafíos en la educación médica. Los futuros médicos deben combinar el aprendizaje de fundamentos clínicos tradicionales con el dominio de tecnologías avanzadas, todo ello mientras mantienen un enfoque ético y centrado en el paciente. Además, la dependencia excesiva en la tecnología y los sesgos inherentes a los algoritmos subrayan la necesidad de un equilibrio entre innovación tecnológica y juicio clínico humano. El artículo destaca que la formación médica debe adaptarse para incluir competencias críticas como alfabetización digital, razonamiento ético y pensamiento crítico. Los simuladores y plataformas educativas basadas en IA están desempeñando un papel clave en la preparación de los médicos para un entorno clínico más digitalizado, mientras que la investigación sigue siendo esencial para garantizar la transparencia y equidad de estas tecnologías. https://revistaschilenas.uchile.cl/handle/2250/252975 https://revistaschilenas.uchile.cl/handle/2250/252974 Clinical utility of point-of-care ultrasonography in the patient on shock: A narrative review; Utilidad clínica de la ultrasonografía en el punto de atención en el paciente con shock: Una revisión narrativa Shock, a medical emergency characterized by inadequate perfusion and organ dysfunction, can be classified as distributive, hypovolemic, cardiogenic and obstructive. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has established itself as a fundamental tool in the differential diagnosis and therapeutic guidance in patients with shock. This article reviews the clinical utility of POCUS, highlighting its high diagnostic accuracy in differentiating types of shock, with sensitivities and specificities greater than 90% in scenarios such as hypovolemic and obstructive shock. In addition, the use of POCUS has been shown to improve diagnostic accuracy in the emergency department, optimize hydric resuscitation and reduce mortality in critical patients. Its implementation strengthens clinical decision making, integrating a rapid and effective diagnostic approach that favors interdisciplinary management to prevent multiorgan failure and death.; El shock, una emergencia médica caracterizada por perfusión inadecuada y disfunción orgánica, puede clasificarse en distributivo, hipovolémico, cardiogénico y obstructivo. La ecografía en el punto de atención (POCUS, por sus siglas en inglés) se ha consolidado como una herramienta fundamental en el diagnóstico diferencial y la guía terapéutica en pacientes con shock. Este artículo revisa la utilidad clínica del POCUS, destacando su alta precisión diagnóstica en diferenciar los tipos de shock, con sensibilidades y especificidades superiores al 90% en escenarios como shock hipovolémico y obstructivo. Además, el uso del POCUS ha demostrado mejorar la precisión diagnóstica en urgencias, optimizar la reanimación hídrica y reducir la mortalidad en pacientes críticos. Su implementación fortalece la toma de decisiones clínicas, integrando un enfoque diagnóstico rápido y efectivo que favorece la gestión interdisciplinaria para prevenir insuficiencia multiorgánica y muerte. https://revistaschilenas.uchile.cl/handle/2250/252974 https://revistaschilenas.uchile.cl/handle/2250/252972 Reel’s syndrome, an unusual cause of lead displacement; El síndrome de Reel, una causa inusual de desplazamiento de electrodos Background: Ventricular capture failure could be a sign of macrodisplacement. Electrode displacement is one of the complications related to cardiac pacing. Knowing the different production mechanisms of macrodisplacements is not just for a nominal distinction. It is important to understand that the mechanisms are different, that´s why each type of macrodisplacement requires different form of therapy. Case report: A 79-year-old male patient. On physical examination, the heart rate was 38 beats per minute. The 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG-12) showed a second-degree 2:1 atrioventricular block. It was decided to implant a VVIR pacemaker. On follow-up, the ECG-12 review showed ventricular capture failure without spike and 2:1 atrioventricular block. The fluoroscopic study showed electrode displacement. The distal tip of the electrode was in the area of the pacemaker pocket with radiological appearance of thread wound on a reel. Reintervention was immediately decided, during surgery, the diagnosis of reel type macrodisplacement was corroborated. The lead was repositioned in the right ventricle. Conclusions: Knowledge of the risk factors allows us to avoid macrodisplacement syndromes of the electrode. Knowing the different mechanisms of production of the three syndromes described is of great importance to finally carry out the appropriate therapy.; Antecedentes: El desplazamiento de electrodos es una de las complicaciones relacionadas con la estimulación cardiaca. Conocer los diferentes mecanismos de producción de los macrodesplazamientos no es solo una distinción nominal. Es importante entender que los mecanismos son diferentes, por eso cada tipo de macrodesplazamiento requiere una forma diferente de terapia. Presentación de un caso: Paciente varón de 79 años. En la exploración física, la frecuencia cardíaca era de 38 latidos por minuto. El electrocardiograma de 12 derivaciones (ECG-12) mostró un bloqueo auriculoventricular de segundo grado tipo 2:1. Se decidió la implantación de un marcapasos VVIR. En el seguimiento; la revisión del ECG-12 mostró fallo de captura ventricular sin espiga y bloqueo auriculoventricular 2:1. El estudio fluoroscópico mostró desplazamiento del electrodo. La punta distal del electrodo estaba en la zona del bolsillo del marcapasos. Se decidió inmediatamente la reintervención. Conclusiones: El conocimiento de los factores de riesgo nos permite evitar los síndromes de macrodesplazamiento del electrodo. Conocer los diferentes mecanismos de producción de los tres síndromes descritos es de gran importancia para finalmente realizar la terapia adecuada. https://revistaschilenas.uchile.cl/handle/2250/252972 https://revistaschilenas.uchile.cl/handle/2250/252973 Effect of Orijin Bitters, Aqueous Extracts of Hibiscus Sabdariffa and Zingiber Officinale Roscoe on the Kidney of Adult Wistar Rats; Effect of Orijin Bitters, Aqueous Extracts of Hibiscus Sabdariffa and Zingiber Officinale Roscoe on the Kidney of Adult Wistar Rats Orijin bitters, Hibiscus sabdariffa and Zingiber officinale roscoe have been reported to possess various medicinal properties. The aim of the study is to evaluate their effects on the kidney of adult wistar rats. Methodology: thirty rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, each having 5 rats. Group 1 received distilled water, group 2, 70cl/70kg/bw orijin bitters, group 3, orijin bitters and 200mg/kg/bw Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx aqueous extract, group 4, orijin bitters and 500mg/kg/bw Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx aqueous extract, group 5, orijin bitters and 200mg/kg/bw officinale rhizome aqueous extract, group 6, orijin bitters and 500mg/kg/bw Zingiber officinale rhizome aqueous extract over a 21- day period. After administration, the rats were sacrificed and the kidney harvested for biochemical and histological analysis. Results: Orijin bitters altered renal function, indicated by elevated level of malondialdehyde and decreased level of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione, along with histopathological changes such as glomerular atrophy and tubular degeneration compared to the control. The result was not statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conversely, aqueous extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx and Zingiber officinale rhizome exhibited antioxidant properties, reducing oxidative stress and mitigating renal damage compared to the orijin bitters group only. Although the result was not statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Orijin bitters may have nephrotoxic effects, while Hibiscus sabdariffa and Zingiber officinale may offer protective benefits, due to their antioxidant properties.; Orijin bitters, Hibiscus sabdariffa and Zingiber officinale roscoe have been reported to possess various medicinal properties. The aim of the study is to evaluate their effects on the kidney of adult wistar rats. Methodology: thirty rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, each having 5 rats. Group 1 received distilled water, group 2, 70cl/70kg/bw orijin bitters, group 3, orijin bitters and 200mg/kg/bw Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx aqueous extract, group 4, orijin bitters and 500mg/kg/bw Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx aqueous extract, group 5, orijin bitters and 200mg/kg/bw officinale rhizome aqueous extract, group 6, orijin bitters and 500mg/kg/bw Zingiber officinale rhizome aqueous extract over a 21- day period. After administration, the rats were sacrificed and the kidney harvested for biochemical and histological analysis. Results: Orijin bitters altered renal function, indicated by elevated level of malondialdehyde and decreased level of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione, along with histopathological changes such as glomerular atrophy and tubular degeneration compared to the control. The result was not statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conversely, aqueous extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx and Zingiber officinale rhizome exhibited antioxidant properties, reducing oxidative stress and mitigating renal damage compared to the orijin bitters group only. Although the result was not statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Orijin bitters may have nephrotoxic effects, while Hibiscus sabdariffa and Zingiber officinale may offer protective benefits, due to their antioxidant properties. https://revistaschilenas.uchile.cl/handle/2250/252973