This article is about the evolution of the agrarian sciences and how innovation plays a crucial role in its development. It also notes how not all innovations have had a positive impact on ecosystems and biodiversity. Such is the case for the relentless advancement of agro-industrial production, which oriented toward obtaining more efficiency and profits, and supported by monocultivation and transgenic varieties through intensive and extensive cultivation. Different alternatives that involve the application of present and ancient knowledge must be used to achieve food sovereignty and safety, based on multidisciplinary knowledge, co-production between public Universities, different types of small-scale farmer and research centers supported by inclusive policies that protect these practices.